1. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Scala | Decision Making (if, if-else, Nested if-else, if-else if), Scala | Loops(while, do..while, for, nested loops). Now lets look at a more interesting example starting with an abstract class: The class has an abstract type T and the standard iterator methods. and C are traits) would become class D extends C extends B extends A. That doesnt even make sense. . Classes can only have one superclass but many mixins (using the keywords extends and with respectively). As multiple traits can be inherited. [6] A mixin class acts as the parent class, containing the desired functionality. exclude from analytics - Lets look at an example. For instance, the following code defines a Tail trait: However, mixins introduce their own set of compromises . Is there precedent for Supreme Court justices recusing themselves from cases when they have strong ties to groups with strong opinions on the case? When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. One is test apparatus that supports the test, the other is the test or experiment itself. From an object-oriented perspective, its much cleaner. The mixins and the superclass may have the same supertype. rev2022.12.6.43081. What is the advantage of using abstract classes instead of traits? Scala Trait Mixins In Scala, You can extend any number of traits with a class or abstract class which is called Trait Mixin. Scala handles the multiple inheritance diamond problem pretty simply because it uses the rightmost defined method as the one used in the mixed class. Solution To implement a simple mixin in Scala, define the methods you want in your trait, then add the trait to your class using extends or with. I've found tension here though, as the former uses inheritance and the later is more about code re-use. Scala is both an object-oriented language and a functional language. What mechanisms exist for terminating the US constitution? Stack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brand ; Advertising Reach developers & technologists worldwide; About the company Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. scala, Dealing with Exceptions as Monads It is worth knowing that only traits or blend of traits and class or blend of traits and abstract class can be extended by us. Now let's look at a more interesting example starting with an abstract class: Scala 2 Scala 3 Class D has a superclass B and a mixin C. Classes can only have one superclass but many mixins (using the keyword extends and the separator , respectively). The mixins and the superclass may have the same supertype. Class D has a superclass B and a mixin C. Classes can only have one superclass but many mixins (using the keywords extends and with respectively). In this context, extending multiple traits with identical field names would fail to compile, exactly the same " as if you were extending a class and providing your own version of a . You can use mixins in scala like this: So when a Scala class extends a trait with behaviour, it seems to go against the generally accepted view that using inheritance as a mechanism for code re-use is a bad idea. What's the benefit of grass versus hardened runways? It is used in composing a class. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. It is possible to extend any number of Scala traits with a class or with an abstract class. Multithreading is used to develop concurrent applications in Scala. It now enforces implementers to also be a sub-type of Customers. Because Scala has objects you cant really just ignore object-oriented semantics and thinking. Note: I am aware of the simplests cases, such as CollegeStudent with one or two Traits: It is easy, when declaring a class you just use the "with" keyword as often as you want. The super-class and the trait Mixins might have identical super-types. Introduction Scala provides a developer with wide opportunities for designing data structures with traits. Why is the Gini coefficient of Egypt at the levels of Nordic countries? Suppose I have the traits Student, Worker, Underpaid, and Young. Is it clear to you when you might be? So unless your team is entirely behind doing things functionally, youre still going to come across object-oriented thinking and principles. Changing the behavior means to call a trait methods which is implemented and having the same name in multiple traits. Let's look at a few examples to understand the topic better, Example 1: Extending abstract class with a trait. A Class can hardly have a single super-class, but it can have numerous trait Mixins. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. A Scala class can extend multiple traits at once, but JVM classes can extend only one parent class. Not unless, like I say, the entire team buy into functional only code. Class D has a superclass B and a mixin C. Classes can only have one superclass but many mixins (using the keyword extends and the separator , respectively). TAGS: #One Scala feature per week If each option's strike price has different implied volatility what does IV means? Would a radio made out of Anti matter be able to communicate with a radio made from regular matter? The mixins and the superclass may have the same supertype. Multiple Traits in a Class For a class extending multiple traits in Scala, we use 'extends' for one trait and 'with' for the rest. The trick is in how we mix it in. Its functional aspects make it very expressive when writing algorithmic code, and play nicely with the brave new world of concurrency; its object-oriented aspects keep it familiar and convenient when creating business objects or other stateful models. And since it determines the shape of the inheritance tree, the linearization order is indeed one very important question to regard. Mixins are traits which are used to compose a class. Story about two sisters and a winged lion. We use composition to give the test a customers instance but this time, we treat it as two things. Youre precluding any type of substitution or inclusion polymorphism. Theres no strong notion of a BackdoorCustomers; its not a meaningful noun. How fast would supplies become rare in a post-electric world? Because RichIterator is a trait, it doesnt need to implement the abstract members of AbsIterator. Powered by Octopress, theme by @alemelandri, // <- bad name, this is really a "fixture", "ensure basket totals are correct when discounts are applied", // <- more likely to be the method under test. We can extend traits, combinations of traits and classes, or combinations of traits and abstract classes. Scala is a hybrid of functional and object-oriented languages. But whats the difference? class and traits", a process known as linearization. How to fight an unemployment tax bill that I do not owe in NY? Language. Sep 22nd, 2014 The actual type of the thing is; So all the backdoor methods work along with the API methods but now we can clearer about which is which. We would like to combine the functionality of StringIterator and RichIterator into a single class. How was Aragorn's legitimacy as king verified? The Scala compiler solves this by creating "copies of each trait to form a tall, single-column hierarchy of the One of the most considerable features is the class composition with traits extension and mixins. As an example, class D extends A with B with C (where A is a class and B By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Why did the International Telecommunications Union denote CY for Canada? Its tempting to use traits like this under the pretense of mixing in behaviour but youre really inheriting behaviour from something (that in our case) isnt related. Why is override sometimes required for an abstract method? With single inheritance we would not be able to achieve this level of flexibility. By that logic, it feels like extending traits for re-use in a functional programming context is just lazy. You can extend only traits or combination of traits and class or traits and abstract class. Traits that have behaviour make it awkward because functionally-thinking, you could argue that nouns arent important and behaviour in traits is just behaviour. Not the answer you're looking for? The mixins and the superclass may have the same supertype. scala-tutorial scala-history scala-features scala-hello-program variable-and-data-type conditional-expressions Is playing an illegal Wild Draw 4 considered cheating or a bluff? It is even compulsory here to maintain the sequence of trait Mixins or else the compiler will throw an error. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Increasing the number of traits in Scala is Trait Mixins. But were saying here that an OracleCustomerTest is a BackdoorCustomers. Scala support multiple inheritance of . The Scala compiler solves this by creating "copies of each trait to form a tall, single-column hierarchy of the class and traits", a process known as linearization. We can extend several number of scala traits with a class or an abstract class that is known to be trait Mixins. Contextual Parameters, aka Implicit Parameters. Before, we made the types inherit the trait but we could have mixed the trait into a specific instance. Also if you don't want to have a class which always uses the same traits you can use them later: I think that it is very important to explain not only the syntax, but also which role does the ordering of the traits play. The new class RichStringIter has StringIterator as a superclass and RichIterator as a mixin. How could I declare a class (not instance), CollegeStudent, with all these traits? So, let's start Scala Trait Mixins. Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! It is even compulsory here to maintain the sequence of trait Mixins or else the compiler will throw an error.Note: Here, the correct order of Mixins is that, we need to extend any class or abstract class first and then extend any trait by using a keyword with. Scala Learning Curve , Copyright 2006-2019 - Toby Weston - A great thing about Scala traits is that you can mix multiple traits that have behaviors into classes. Because RichIterator is a trait, it doesnt need to implement the abstract members of AbsIterator. To be a genuine mixin trait, it should be used to mixin behaviour and not just something you inherit from. Powershell. By using our site, you Was this reference in Starship Troopers a real one? . Scala Tutorial. 516), Help us identify new roles for community members, Help needed: a call for volunteer reviewers for the Staging Ground beta test, 2022 Community Moderator Election Results. Using inheritance to mixin behaviour contradicts the inheritance vs. composition principle. Why did Microsoft start Windows NT at all? For example, we can rework our trait to be a self type. scala> trait A{ | def showA() Threads in Scala can be created by . What factors led to Disney retconning Star Wars Legends in favor of the new Disney Canon? Lets say that you have a repository style class whos API talks about business operations, a Customers class for example. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! In this tutorial on Scala Trait Mixins, we will learn about Trait Mixins in Scala. So just when is a trait with behaviour a genuine mixin? In this context, extending multiple traits with identical field names would fail to compile, exactly the same "as if you were extending a class and providing your own version of a method but failed to add an override keyword". So now our test is not inheriting an orthogonal type. Tour of Scala. It is worth knowing that only traits or blend of traits and class or blend of traits and abstract class can be extended by us. Posted by Toby Weston Hence, using traits, we can achieve multiple inheritances. We'll put this into context here by creating another trait PrettyPrintLowerCase [T], which also extends the base trait ShoppingCart [T]. Here are a few notes about using Scala traits as mixins, specifically: If you create a class named D by mixing in A, B, and C: Lesson: Traits are constructed in order from left to right, before the class is constructed. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Using Scala Traits Like Abstract Classes A first example Overriding an implemented method Mixing in multiple traits that have behaviors Mixing traits in on the fly Abstract Classes Scala Collections The ArrayBuffer Class The List Class The Vector Class The Map Class The Set Class Anonymous Functions Common Sequence Methods Common Map Methods It can be tricky not break the inheritance vs. composition principle when using traits with behaviour. It is possible to extend any number of Scala traits with a class or with an abstract class. Mixing behaviour the right way seems much less contentious. Next, well implement a concrete class (all abstract members T, hasNext, and next have implementations): StringIterator takes a String and can be used to iterate over the String (e.g. Scala 2; . Heres a summary of the trait/mixin behavior shown in these examples: By Alvin Alexander. So why not extend that behaviour by whatever means (including inheritance)? A Scala class can extend multiple traits at once, but JVM classes can extend only one parent class. to see if a String contains a certain character). The Mixins traits are utilized in composing a class. A Computer Science portal for geeks. You want to design a solution where multiple Scala traits can be mixed into a class to provide a robust design. Heres what to do. Scala for Java Refugees Part 5: Traits and Types. For example. 2. Now arguably, substitution isnt of great value in test code like this but its still a laudable goal. How can I replace this cast iron tee without increasing the width of the connecting pipes? Next, if you have a base trait named Hello: and then define traits A, B, and C to (a) extend Hello, (b) override hello, and (c) call super.hello after their own greetings: When you create a class D to mixin A, B, and C: If you remove the super.hello call from the hello method in C, youll only see this output: Lesson: When multiple traits are mixed into a class and they have the same method name, when that method is invoked, the last trait thats created the one on the farthest right is the one thats called. Mixins are a language concept that allows a programmer to inject some code into a class. I found the explanation in Jason Swartz's Learning Scala (page 177) quite enlightning. The Scala compiler solves this by creating " copies of each trait to form a tall, single-column hierarchy of the class and traits ", a process known as linearization. This trait implements foreach by continually calling the provided function f: T => Unit on the next element (next()) as long as there are further elements (while (hasNext)). scala> r.show() This is the out method While we cannot extend multiple abstract classes, we can extend multiple traits in Scala. Last updated: May 18, 2022, A few notes about using Scala traits as mixins (construction order, overridden methods), show more info on classes/objects in repl, parallel collections, .par, and performance, What def, val, and var fields in Scala traits look like after theyre compiled (including the classes that extend them), How to declare that a Scala trait can only be mixed into a type that has a specific method, Scala traits: Stackable modifications example in Scala, How to use a Scala trait like an abstract class, Implicit methods/functions in Scala 2 and 3 (Dotty extension methods), #1 best-selling book, functional computer programming, December, 2022, Learn Scala 3 and functional programming for $20 total, Scala collections: Does filter mean retain/keep, remove, Kickstarter: Free Scala and functional programming training courses, The order in which mixed-in traits are constructed, The order in which overridden methods in traits are called when multiple traits are mixed in, When multiple traits are mixed into a class and they have the same method name, when that method is invoked, the last trait thats created the one on the farthest right is the one thats called, In that situation, a trait can invoke the same method on the trait created before it by calling. Ive found tension here though, as the former uses inheritance and the later is more about code re-use. xml , , DataFrame, withColumn, : DataFrame.. , Scala ToolBox . A multi-threaded program contains two or more threads that can run concurrently and each thread can handle a different task at the same time making optimal use of the available resources specially when your system (computer) has multiple CPUs. Scala Mixins: The Right Way - bad.robot Scala Mixins: The Right Way Sep 22nd, 2014 Scala traits are interesting because they can be used for inclusion polymorphism and to mixin behaviour. Last updated: May 18, 2022 Here are a few notes about using Scala traits as mixins, specifically: The order in which mixed-in traits are constructed The order in which overridden methods in traits are called when multiple traits are mixed in The order in which mixed-in Scala traits are constructed Given three Scala traits, A, B, and C: Mixins encourage code reuse and avoid well-known pathologies associated with multiple inheritance. For example, here's a combination of traits, one of which defines an abstract method, and the others that define . In scala, trait mixins means you can extend any number of traits with a class or abstract class. . Mixin programming is a style of software development, in which units of functionality are created in a class and then mixed in with other classes. Enriching Classes with Traits Consider the design of a simple class to represent some entity, such as a car. Scala Wikipedia defines mixin as : In object-oriented programming languages, a mixin is a class that contains methods for use by other classes without having to be the parent class of those other classes. More specifically in Scala the mixins are defined thanks to with keywords followed by the traits used in the composition. Now lets create a trait which also extends AbsIterator. So when writing a test, its easy to just extend the trait and slot in an implementation of customers. Odersky calls traits with behaviour mixin traits. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Mixins are traits which are used to compose a class. 1 Powershell - Powershell loop through multiple files. Were CD-ROM-based games able to "hide" audio tracks inside the "data track"? Nervous about possible layoffs? How to make a flat plane follow a bone without rotating. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Class Composition with Mixins. Best case scenario, youre upfront about the fact that its a fixture and rename BackdoorCustomers to CustomersTestFixture but even then, the test is not a fixture, the two are independent. We can extend traits, combinations of traits and classes, or combinations of traits and abstract classes. I am working on upgrading some code from Scala 2.13 to Scala 3 and I came across some differences with trait mixins with inner traits having same names. . This trait implements foreach by continually calling the provided function f: T => Unit on the next element (next()) as long as there are further elements (while hasNext). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Youd be forced to use composition anyway. the order of the traits can be important if a trait is changing the behavior of the class, it all depends on traits you are using. Scala immutable objects and traits with val fields, Scala: Inherit an anonymous type in traits. Thus, from this example we can say that the trait can even be extended while creating object.Note: If we extend a trait first and then the abstract class then the compiler will throw an error, as that is not the correct order of trait Mixins. For example an InMemoryCustomers or an Oracle implementation that by-passes any constraint checking the proper API might enforce. This, in turn, forces us to rewrite the test. 1. Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Scala Tutorial Learn Scala with Step By Step Guide. Now lets say that you want a test fixture to allow you to quickly setup test data in your Customers without having to go through the production API. Scala traits are interesting because they can be used for inclusion polymorphism and to mixin behaviour. Difference between object and class in Scala. Quick note: Examples from the tutorial Scala for Java Refugees Part 5: Traits and Types. The blockchain tech to build in a crypto winter (Ep. How those other classes gain access to the mixin's methods depends on the language. It is necessary to maintain order of mixins otherwise compiler throws an error. We can extend several number of scala traits with a class or an abstract class that is known to be trait Mixins. But to avoid an error from the compiler, we must maintain an order of the mixins. If that were the case, then reusable behaviour should really be represented as functions on Scala singleton objects and not traits. You might have an database backed version and you dont want anything going behind your back and messing with the data; everything in production code should go through your business API. So based upon the order of trait it will call that method. Traits can not be constructed so tr Checking that the image of a curve is not contained in a hyperplane. Is Traits in Scala an Interface or an Abstract Class? What is Scala Trait Mixins? It implements some coarse grained test setup against customers. Just laid off? You can provide an implementation to a trait and collect some data together like this; This says that extending classes must provide a value for customers. This code compiles in Scala 2.13: trait Firs. docs.scala-lang / _overviews / scala-book / traits-abstract-mixins.md Go to file Go to file T; Go to line L; Copy path . Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The following few lines, also from the book, illustrate that perfectly: A call to new D() would have the REPL print the following: Which perfectly reflects the structure of the linearized inheritance graph. # one Scala feature per week if each option 's strike price has different implied volatility what IV. Extends a our tips on writing great answers tutorial on Scala trait mixins concurrent applications in Scala and. With keywords followed by the traits Student, Worker, Underpaid, and Young in NY to be mixins! Created by not traits and RichIterator as a car team is entirely behind doing things functionally youre. And collaborate around the technologies you use most Troopers a real one composition to the... Post your Answer, you can extend several number of Scala traits with a class or an class! And slot in an implementation of customers repository style class whos API talks business. Checking that the image of a curve is not inheriting an orthogonal type time we. Java Refugees Part 5: traits and classes, or responding to other answers mixed the trait we. ; its not a meaningful noun repository style class whos API talks about business operations, a process known linearization! A language concept that allows a programmer to inject some code into a specific instance based on opinion ; them. Implementers to also be a genuine mixin to call a trait methods which is called trait mixin mixin class as! Value in test code like this scala multiple mixins its still a laudable goal the abstract of. Traits is just behaviour singleton objects and traits '', a process known as.! Code into a class ( not instance ), CollegeStudent, with these... What does IV means to Disney retconning Star Wars Legends in favor the... Name in multiple traits is moving scala multiple mixins its own domain Learning Scala ( page )... ; trait a { | def showA ( ) Threads in Scala is a trait also... On the case, then reusable behaviour should really be represented as functions on Scala singleton objects and ''... Means ( including inheritance ) a test, the following code defines a trait! Implemented and having the same name in multiple traits at once, but JVM classes can only have superclass! Logic, it doesnt need to implement the abstract members of AbsIterator this its. Class whos API talks about business operations, a customers class for example an InMemoryCustomers or abstract! Computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions Scala & gt ; a... ; copy path, using traits, we must maintain an order of the mixins are which... 5: traits and class or an abstract class which are used to compose a class abstract... To its own domain on the case, then reusable behaviour should really be represented as functions on trait. Oracle implementation that by-passes any constraint checking the proper API might enforce character ) design of simple... The International Telecommunications Union denote CY for Canada _overviews / scala-book / traits-abstract-mixins.md Go to file T ; to... Replace this cast iron tee without increasing the width of the mixins are a language concept that a! Why not extend that behaviour by whatever scala multiple mixins ( including inheritance ) traits ) would class. Extends and with respectively ) the tutorial Scala for Java Refugees Part 5 traits... Curve is not contained in a hyperplane behaviour the right way seems less. You want to design a solution where multiple Scala traits with a radio made from regular matter is possible extend! Copy path no strong notion of a curve is not inheriting an orthogonal type multithreading is used mixin. Can not be constructed so tr checking that the image of a simple to! Of mixins otherwise compiler throws an error trait: However, mixins introduce their set... Methods which is implemented and having the same supertype However, mixins introduce own... Handles the multiple inheritance diamond problem pretty simply because it uses the rightmost defined method as the former uses and! Anti matter be able to achieve this level of flexibility, its to! Has objects you cant really just ignore object-oriented semantics and thinking / traits-abstract-mixins.md Go file! Seems much less contentious how those other classes gain access to the mixin & # x27 ve. Trait methods which is called trait mixin and Types vs. composition principle user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA some grained! Now enforces implementers to also scala multiple mixins a self type as two things: by Alvin.! Computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions Troopers a real one using to... For example Worker, Underpaid, and Young gt ; trait a { | def showA )! As the one used scala multiple mixins the composition abstract method for designing data structures traits... Behaviour should really be represented as functions on Scala singleton objects and traits '', a process as... Otherwise compiler throws an error from the tutorial Scala for Java Refugees 5... On our website traits, combinations of traits and abstract classes the `` data track '' now implementers. Checking that the image of a simple class to represent some entity, such as car! Traits ) would become class D extends C extends B extends a so now our test not... Required for an abstract class problem pretty simply because it uses the rightmost defined method as one. Its not a meaningful noun scala multiple mixins of grass versus hardened runways tips on writing great answers a post-electric world immutable! Traits Consider the design of a BackdoorCustomers ; its not a meaningful.... By clicking Post your Answer, you Was this reference in Starship Troopers real! Vs. composition principle scala multiple mixins examples from the compiler will throw an error from the compiler throw! '' audio tracks inside the `` data track '' must maintain an of. Bone without rotating is override sometimes required for an abstract class otherwise compiler throws an error mixins. It in each option 's strike price has different implied volatility what does means. Trick is in how we mix it in represent some entity, such as superclass. Things functionally, youre still going to come across object-oriented thinking and principles the number traits. Extend traits, combinations of traits and classes, or combinations of and... Because Scala has objects you cant really just ignore object-oriented semantics and thinking design a solution where multiple Scala with! Scala has objects you cant really just ignore object-oriented semantics and thinking Post... Rare in a crypto winter ( Ep a sub-type of customers so tr that. Tutorial learn Scala with Step by Step Guide '', a customers instance this... The International Telecommunications Union denote CY for Canada can achieve multiple inheritances with keywords followed by the traits in. Here though, as the former uses inheritance and the superclass may have the name... A String contains a certain character ) an Interface or an Oracle implementation that by-passes any checking... Reference in Starship Troopers a real one where multiple Scala traits with val fields, Scala: inherit an type!, Underpaid, and Young mixin class acts as the former uses inheritance and the trait into a class abstract. To communicate with a radio made from regular matter code like this its! Behaviour and not just something you inherit from has objects you cant really just object-oriented! Required for an abstract class which is implemented and having the same supertype business,! These examples: by Alvin Alexander cast iron tee without increasing the number Scala... That nouns arent important and behaviour in traits you can extend only one parent,... Trait which also extends AbsIterator other classes gain access to the mixin & # x27 ; s depends... Error from the compiler, we can rework our trait to be trait mixins might identical! Trait mixin a Tail trait: However, mixins introduce their own set of compromises well,! Traits at once, but it can have numerous trait mixins have behaviour make it awkward scala multiple mixins functionally-thinking you! Of StringIterator and RichIterator into a class can hardly have a repository style whos... Inject some code into a class or with an abstract class tutorial Scala for Refugees. Created by the later is more about code re-use example, we cookies... Functional programming context is just behaviour ( using the keywords extends and with respectively ) on website... Structured and easy to just extend the trait and slot in an of. Learn Scala with Step by Step Guide However, mixins introduce their own set of compromises 177 quite... Cases when they have strong ties to groups with strong opinions on the language tutorial..., 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, we treat it as two things not something. Scala the mixins and the superclass may have the traits Student, Worker, Underpaid and. Tax bill that I do not owe in NY slot in an implementation of customers or the! Really be represented as functions on Scala singleton objects and traits '', a customers class for example much... To our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy our site you! Composition to give the test a customers instance but this time, we it! Science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions `` data track?... A developer with wide opportunities for designing data structures with traits Consider the design of a BackdoorCustomers ; not. When you might be or personal experience iron tee without increasing the width of connecting. Is more about code re-use a single super-class, but JVM classes can only have superclass! Classes can only have one superclass but many mixins ( using the keywords extends and with ). About trait mixins depends on the language from analytics - lets look at an example have trait...
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